{"id":5603,"date":"2025-06-20T09:11:34","date_gmt":"2025-06-20T09:11:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/challenges-and-opportunities-for-indigenous-social-protection-systems-in-zimbabwe-a-conceptual-review\/"},"modified":"2025-06-21T06:17:07","modified_gmt":"2025-06-21T06:17:07","slug":"challenges-and-opportunities-for-indigenous-social-protection-systems-in-zimbabwe-a-conceptual-review","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/challenges-and-opportunities-for-indigenous-social-protection-systems-in-zimbabwe-a-conceptual-review\/","title":{"rendered":"Challenges and opportunities for indigenous social protection systems in Zimbabwe: A conceptual review"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>This article was originally published as: <strong>Challenges and opportunities for indigenous social protection systems in Zimbabwe: A conceptual review<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Original Article Link: <a href='https:\/\/www.ajol.info\/index.php\/ajsw\/article\/view\/255348' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>Read Original Article<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Download PDF: <a href='https:\/\/www.ajol.info\/index.php\/ajsw\/article\/download\/255348\/241270' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>Click Here to Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>This conceptual article reviews indigenous social protection programmes in Zimbabwe as we highlight challenges militating against each program and respective opportunities that can be salvaged to improve these programs. Among the social protection programmes reviewed are savings clubs, zunde ramambo and sara pavana. The Ubuntu philosophy was adopted as the conceptual framework to analyse the delivery of indigenous social protection programmes in Zimbabwe. Research findings indicated that the indigenous social protection programmes in Zimbabwe are associated with a myriad of challenges largely related to the current socio-economic and political environment in the country together with the negative impact of pandemics, and the forces of globalisation and westernisation. We then recommended the need to formalise indigenous systems of social security; for the government to provide more land, raise awareness and mobilise key stakeholders to participate in zunde ramambo programmes; for the government and other key stakeholders to improve in the coordination of indigenous social protection programmes among key stakeholders which include government, leaders including chiefs, local government, as well as social workers so as to maximize or leverage of these systems, among other recommendations.<\/p>\n<h2>Authors<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Witness CHIKOKO (MWAPAURA)<\/li>\n<li>Kudzai MWAPAURA (Lecturer in the Department of Social Work, Women\u2019s University in Africa (WUA))<\/li>\n<li>Kudzai NYABEZE (Research Associate in the Sociology Department, University of Johannesburg (UJ), South Africa)<\/li>\n<li>Kwashirai ZVOKUOMBA (wchikoko@gmail.com)<\/li>\n<li>Snnedon SOKO<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>Ubuntu or hunhu, indigenous, social protection, programmes, Zimbabwe<\/p>\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<p>References not available for this article.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This article was originally published as: Challenges and opportunities for indigenous social protection systems in Zimbabwe: A conceptual review Original&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[124],"tags":[2241],"class_list":["post-5603","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-articles","tag-ubuntu-or-hunhu-indigenous-social-protection-programmes-zimbabwe","wpcat-124-id"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.8 - 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