{"id":4967,"date":"2025-06-19T22:27:40","date_gmt":"2025-06-19T22:27:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/the-san-code-of-ethics-versus-international-ethical-guidelines-a-cross-cultural-analysis\/"},"modified":"2025-06-20T03:20:44","modified_gmt":"2025-06-20T03:20:44","slug":"the-san-code-of-ethics-versus-international-ethical-guidelines-a-cross-cultural-analysis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/the-san-code-of-ethics-versus-international-ethical-guidelines-a-cross-cultural-analysis\/","title":{"rendered":"The San Code of Ethics Versus International Ethical Guidelines: A Cross-Cultural Analysis"},"content":{"rendered":"

This article was originally published as: The San Code of Ethics Versus International Ethical Guidelines: A Cross-Cultural Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n

Original Article Link: Read Original Article<\/a><\/p>\n

Download PDF: Click Here to Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\n

Abstract<\/h2>\n

This study was designed to compare the San (Khoisan) code of ethics against key elements of the revisedCouncil for International Organization of Medical Sciences (CIOMS)ethical guidelines, and the World Medical Association (WMA) Declaration of Helsinki. The study aimed to identify similarities and draw inferences in applying the San code of ethics when conducting biomedical research among indigenous populations groups in Africa and globally. In-depth interviews lasting 45 to 55 minutes were conducted among a group of 12 purposively sampled biomedical researchers in South Africa. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analysed using thematic content analysis. Participants observed some important similarities between the San Code of Ethics, the CIOMS ethical guidelines and the Declaration of Helsinki.Nevertheless, the research discovered that San peoples were of the opinion, that community involvement in biomedical research reduces exploitation, and enhances human dignity, and should be based on mutual respect, honesty, justice, fairness, and the ethics of care.<\/p>\n

Authors<\/h2>\n
    \n
  • Francis Akpa-Inyang (Durban University of Technology, South Africa)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Keywords<\/h2>\n

    biomedical research, ethical codes, indigenous populations, San, Khoisan<\/p>\n

    References<\/h2>\n

    References not available for this article.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    This article was originally published as: The San Code of Ethics Versus International Ethical Guidelines: A Cross-Cultural Analysis Original Article…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[124],"tags":[2153,1336,1337,1338,1340,1339],"class_list":["post-4967","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-articles","tag-ajims","tag-biomedical-research","tag-ethical-codes","tag-indigenous-populations","tag-khoisan","tag-san","wpcat-124-id"],"yoast_head":"\nThe San Code of Ethics Versus International Ethical Guidelines: A Cross-Cultural Analysis - IJSSASS Repository<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/the-san-code-of-ethics-versus-international-ethical-guidelines-a-cross-cultural-analysis\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The San Code of Ethics Versus International Ethical Guidelines: A Cross-Cultural Analysis - IJSSASS Repository\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This article was originally published as: The San Code of Ethics Versus International Ethical Guidelines: A Cross-Cultural Analysis Original Article...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/the-san-code-of-ethics-versus-international-ethical-guidelines-a-cross-cultural-analysis\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"IJSSASS Repository\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ijssass\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-06-19T22:27:40+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-06-20T03:20:44+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/c-users-user-desktop-logo-pnglogo-2.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"300\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"195\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/the-san-code-of-ethics-versus-international-ethical-guidelines-a-cross-cultural-analysis\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/the-san-code-of-ethics-versus-international-ethical-guidelines-a-cross-cultural-analysis\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/#\/schema\/person\/adf9bae5731958270e2140cfc1af3771\"},\"headline\":\"The San Code of Ethics Versus International Ethical Guidelines: A Cross-Cultural Analysis\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-06-19T22:27:40+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-06-20T03:20:44+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/the-san-code-of-ethics-versus-international-ethical-guidelines-a-cross-cultural-analysis\/\"},\"wordCount\":219,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/#organization\"},\"keywords\":[\"ajims\",\"biomedical research\",\"ethical codes\",\"indigenous populations\",\"Khoisan\",\"San\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Articles\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/the-san-code-of-ethics-versus-international-ethical-guidelines-a-cross-cultural-analysis\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/the-san-code-of-ethics-versus-international-ethical-guidelines-a-cross-cultural-analysis\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/the-san-code-of-ethics-versus-international-ethical-guidelines-a-cross-cultural-analysis\/\",\"name\":\"The San Code of Ethics Versus International Ethical Guidelines: A Cross-Cultural Analysis - IJSSASS Repository\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2025-06-19T22:27:40+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-06-20T03:20:44+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/the-san-code-of-ethics-versus-international-ethical-guidelines-a-cross-cultural-analysis\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/the-san-code-of-ethics-versus-international-ethical-guidelines-a-cross-cultural-analysis\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/the-san-code-of-ethics-versus-international-ethical-guidelines-a-cross-cultural-analysis\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"The San Code of Ethics Versus International Ethical Guidelines: A Cross-Cultural Analysis\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/\",\"name\":\"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND SCIENTIFIC STUDIES\",\"description\":\"Open Access Library\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/#organization\"},\"alternateName\":\"IJSSASS\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/#organization\",\"name\":\"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND SCIENTIFIC STUDIES\",\"alternateName\":\"IJSSASS\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/c-users-user-desktop-logo-pnglogo-3.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/c-users-user-desktop-logo-pnglogo-3.png\",\"width\":300,\"height\":195,\"caption\":\"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND SCIENTIFIC STUDIES\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ijssass\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/#\/schema\/person\/adf9bae5731958270e2140cfc1af3771\",\"name\":\"admin\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/e2404e10f252fd74bce698fdfc0296b3cfb701b99d14951364bf9586aaa0c4a8?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/e2404e10f252fd74bce698fdfc0296b3cfb701b99d14951364bf9586aaa0c4a8?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"admin\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/author\/admin\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"The San Code of Ethics Versus International Ethical Guidelines: A Cross-Cultural Analysis - IJSSASS Repository","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/the-san-code-of-ethics-versus-international-ethical-guidelines-a-cross-cultural-analysis\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"The San Code of Ethics Versus International Ethical Guidelines: A Cross-Cultural Analysis - IJSSASS Repository","og_description":"This article was originally published as: The San Code of Ethics Versus International Ethical Guidelines: A Cross-Cultural Analysis Original Article...","og_url":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/the-san-code-of-ethics-versus-international-ethical-guidelines-a-cross-cultural-analysis\/","og_site_name":"IJSSASS Repository","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ijssass","article_published_time":"2025-06-19T22:27:40+00:00","article_modified_time":"2025-06-20T03:20:44+00:00","og_image":[{"width":300,"height":195,"url":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/c-users-user-desktop-logo-pnglogo-2.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"admin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"admin","Est. reading time":"1 minute"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/the-san-code-of-ethics-versus-international-ethical-guidelines-a-cross-cultural-analysis\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/the-san-code-of-ethics-versus-international-ethical-guidelines-a-cross-cultural-analysis\/"},"author":{"name":"admin","@id":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/#\/schema\/person\/adf9bae5731958270e2140cfc1af3771"},"headline":"The San Code of Ethics Versus International Ethical Guidelines: A Cross-Cultural Analysis","datePublished":"2025-06-19T22:27:40+00:00","dateModified":"2025-06-20T03:20:44+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/the-san-code-of-ethics-versus-international-ethical-guidelines-a-cross-cultural-analysis\/"},"wordCount":219,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/#organization"},"keywords":["ajims","biomedical research","ethical codes","indigenous populations","Khoisan","San"],"articleSection":["Articles"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/the-san-code-of-ethics-versus-international-ethical-guidelines-a-cross-cultural-analysis\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/the-san-code-of-ethics-versus-international-ethical-guidelines-a-cross-cultural-analysis\/","url":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/the-san-code-of-ethics-versus-international-ethical-guidelines-a-cross-cultural-analysis\/","name":"The San Code of Ethics Versus International Ethical Guidelines: A Cross-Cultural Analysis - IJSSASS Repository","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/#website"},"datePublished":"2025-06-19T22:27:40+00:00","dateModified":"2025-06-20T03:20:44+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/the-san-code-of-ethics-versus-international-ethical-guidelines-a-cross-cultural-analysis\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/the-san-code-of-ethics-versus-international-ethical-guidelines-a-cross-cultural-analysis\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/the-san-code-of-ethics-versus-international-ethical-guidelines-a-cross-cultural-analysis\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"The San Code of Ethics Versus International Ethical Guidelines: A Cross-Cultural Analysis"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/#website","url":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/","name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND SCIENTIFIC STUDIES","description":"Open Access Library","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/#organization"},"alternateName":"IJSSASS","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/#organization","name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND SCIENTIFIC STUDIES","alternateName":"IJSSASS","url":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/c-users-user-desktop-logo-pnglogo-3.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/c-users-user-desktop-logo-pnglogo-3.png","width":300,"height":195,"caption":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND SCIENTIFIC STUDIES"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ijssass"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/#\/schema\/person\/adf9bae5731958270e2140cfc1af3771","name":"admin","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/e2404e10f252fd74bce698fdfc0296b3cfb701b99d14951364bf9586aaa0c4a8?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/e2404e10f252fd74bce698fdfc0296b3cfb701b99d14951364bf9586aaa0c4a8?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"admin"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal"],"url":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/author\/admin\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4967","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/21"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4967"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4967\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5489,"href":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4967\/revisions\/5489"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4967"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4967"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ijssass.com\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4967"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}